Stakeholder alignment (read: collaboration and service)
Generative AI (a different kind of challenge)
Because they can figure things out on their own.
Independence!
What does this have to do with AI?
Generative AI (a different kind of challenge)
Generative AI is a great tool for productivity. Think of it like a car: if the goal is to get from point A to point B, a car will get you there fast.
Coursework is not about getting from point A to point B; it’s about the journey. If you’re training for a marathon, the point isn’t to go 26 miles, it’s to run 26 miles.
Good uses of AI in this class: developing personalized quizzes to test knowledge, explaining concepts that I didn’t explain well, generating questions similar to the ones on the homework for additional practice, etc.
Road map
Where we’re going this term
Week(s)
Topics
1-2
Collecting and summarizing data
3-4
Probability
5
Sampling and making inferences about the unknown
6-9
Making a decision
10
Evaluating that decision
Graduate school vs undergraduate
Undergraduate
Complete assignment
Receive grade and (maybe) feedback
Move on to next assignment
Graduate
Attempt assignment
Receive feedback
Edit/retry/improve work
Receive feedback
… rinse, repeat…
My goals (practical)
Teach you the basics of statistics and R.
Challenge you – this class is designed to push you to your personal limit and then just beyond.
If you feel like you’re sailing through this class, come talk to me.
If you feel like you’re drowning, come talk to me.
Create situations in which you can practice skills that will help throughout your career.
learning things on your own, asking for help, saying no, teaching others…
This course will use R and RStudio for all analyses. Why?
Statistical tool
Reproducibility
Workflow
Marketability
If you want extra help, the library offers R workshops, as well as workshops on reproducibility (data management, database and spreadsheets, version control with Git, etc).
The library also has R consultants (GEs) available during most work hours to help troubleshoot.
Typically we pair some kinds of statistical tests with experimental work and other kinds of tests with observational work. Examples?
Kinds of research
In reality, most statistical tests can be used with most kinds of research. It’s not so much the kind of research that matters, but which statistic helps to answer your question and what types of variables do you have?
We’ll discuss the first point throughout the course
Let’s discuss variables now
Scales of measurement
Four scales
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
response options are groups
no specific order
example: What is your favorite fruit? Blueberries, apples, coconuts
Ordinal
response options are ordered
no consistent distance between possible scores
example: List the following fruits in order of preference: peaches, grapes, raspberries
Interval
response options are ordered
distance between response options is the same
no meaningful 0
example: On a scale from 0-5, how much do you like bananas?
Ratio
response options are ordered
distance between response options is the same
0 indicates an absence of something
example: how many times have you eaten watermelon in the last 6 months?
Breakout groups
Pick one of the following constructs and come up with four ways of measuring it (one for each of the scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio):
Self-esteem
Political preference
Memory
Dog-enthusiasm
Anxiety
Scales of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Why does this matter?
Different amounts of information
Different mathematical properties
Example: If Bobby scores 3 and Megan scores 6, can we say Megan scored twice as high as Bobby?
Scales of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
What is this?
“On a scale from 1 to 6, how much does the word outgoing describe you?”
Scales of measurement
Two types
Categorical
Continuous
Scales of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Categorical
Continuous
How do these two methods of describing scales match up?
Next time
Measurement validity
Before class, please download and install R and RStudio.